https://www.finextra.com/ The Latest Financial IT Cryptocurrency Headlines Copyright 2025 Finextra Research Ltd en-GB contact@finextra.com (Finextra Contact) https://www.finextra.com https://www.finextra.com/finextra-images/site/finextra.png https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46085/santander-latest-bank-to-ponder-stablecoin-play?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46085/santander-latest-bank-to-ponder-stablecoin-play?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 03 Jun 2025 00:01:00 GMT Bank interest in stablecoins continues to gather momentum, with Santander now reportedly looking into launching its own offering. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46083/fintechs-enter-new-stage-of-profitability---report?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46083/fintechs-enter-new-stage-of-profitability---report?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Mon, 02 Jun 2025 12:34:00 GMT The global fintech has enetered a new chapter defined by a rise in profitability and the emergence of scaled fintech and an "intensified focus on profitable growth". https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46074/binance-civil-enforcement-action-dismissed-by-sec?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46074/binance-civil-enforcement-action-dismissed-by-sec?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Fri, 30 May 2025 10:14:00 GMT In June 2023, The Securities and Exchange Commission filed charges alleging that the crypto asset trading platform committed a variety of securities law violations. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46073/saudi-academics-create-worlds-fastest-quantum-random-number-generator?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46073/saudi-academics-create-worlds-fastest-quantum-random-number-generator?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Fri, 30 May 2025 09:50:00 GMT Research scientists at Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) have reported the fastest quantum random number generator (QRNG) to date based on international benchmarks. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46057/block-rolls-out-bitcoin-payments-on-square?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46057/block-rolls-out-bitcoin-payments-on-square?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 00:01:00 GMT Block is adding real-time bitcoin payments to its Square point-of-sale terminals. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46059/conduit-raises-36m-to-take-on-swift-with-stablecoin-based-cross-border-payments?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46059/conduit-raises-36m-to-take-on-swift-with-stablecoin-based-cross-border-payments?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 00:01:00 GMT Stablecoin-based cross-border payments platform Conduit has raised $36 million in a Series A funding round co-led by Dragonfly and Altos Ventures. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46062/trump-media-raises-25bn-to-buy-bitcoin?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46062/trump-media-raises-25bn-to-buy-bitcoin?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 18:32:00 GMT Donald Trump's media company says it is raising $2.5 billion from institutional investors to build a bitcoin reserve. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46055/the-fca-bundles-stablecoins-into-new-crypto-regime?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46055/the-fca-bundles-stablecoins-into-new-crypto-regime?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 13:45:00 GMT The FCA has published proposals for ensuring financial resilience in the face of upcoming regulations governing cryptoasset firms, with an added focus on stablecoins. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46044/worldpay-partners-bvnk-for-stablecoin-payouts?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46044/worldpay-partners-bvnk-for-stablecoin-payouts?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 27 May 2025 13:49:00 GMT Worldpay has enlisted BVNK to bring nearly instant global payouts in stablecoins to its clients in the US and Europe. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46031/major-us-banks-consider-joint-stablecoin-venture?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46031/major-us-banks-consider-joint-stablecoin-venture?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Fri, 23 May 2025 12:52:00 GMT US big banks, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo have held discussions on potentially launching a stablecoin that will improve transaction speeds whilst managing competition from encroaching crypto firms. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46020/binance-integrates-with-brazils-pix-payments-system?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46020/binance-integrates-with-brazils-pix-payments-system?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 21 May 2025 16:37:00 GMT Binance Pay has integrated with Brazil's Pix system to enable people to use crypto to make instant payments in reais. https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46015/apex-acquires-majority-stake-in-tokenisation-firm?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/newsarticle/46015/apex-acquires-majority-stake-in-tokenisation-firm?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 21 May 2025 10:34:00 GMT Fund administrator Apex Group has acquired a controlling stake in Luxembourg-based Tokeny in a move designed to spearhead a push into the tokenisation market. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105823/quantum-computing-poses-a-threat-to-the-crypto-ecosystem-says-d24-fintech-group?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105823/quantum-computing-poses-a-threat-to-the-crypto-ecosystem-says-d24-fintech-group?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 03 Jun 2025 09:32:00 GMT Quantum computing continues to advance rapidly, with many believing that its commercial use is not far away, leading several experts to believe it could pose a serious risk to the crypto industry. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105803/flexa-and-nexus-wallet-bid-to-bring-litecoin-spending-to-the-real-wold?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105803/flexa-and-nexus-wallet-bid-to-bring-litecoin-spending-to-the-real-wold?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Fri, 30 May 2025 15:39:00 GMT Flexa, the leading digital payment network, and Nexus, the new decentralized wallet redefining asset management from the Litecoin Foundation, are making spending Litecoin in the real world easier than ever. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105800/arkansas-congressman-french-hill-reveals-digital-asset-clarity-act?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105800/arkansas-congressman-french-hill-reveals-digital-asset-clarity-act?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Fri, 30 May 2025 10:57:00 GMT House Committee on Financial Services Chairman French Hill (R-AR) today introduced the Digital Asset Market Clarity (CLARITY) Act, which would establish a regulatory framework for digital assets in the United States. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105795/bybit-scores-micar-license-in-austria?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105795/bybit-scores-micar-license-in-austria?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 18:15:00 GMT Bybit, the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency exchange by trading volume, has received its Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) license from the Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA), signifying a pivotal moment in its European expansion. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105793/worldpay-partners-exodus-for-card-payments-in-self-custodial-wallets?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105793/worldpay-partners-exodus-for-card-payments-in-self-custodial-wallets?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 14:11:00 GMT Worldpay has been a leader in making the purchase of digital currencies more accessible to consumers for more than 10 years and has now been selected by self-custodial wallet* provider, Exodus, to bring a native checkout experience to its users. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105787/sumsub-and-solana-debut-on-chain-identity-attestations?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105787/sumsub-and-solana-debut-on-chain-identity-attestations?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 10:11:00 GMT Sumsub, a global full-cycle verification platform, showcased its first public integration of Sumsub ID at Solana Accelerate in New York. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105785/velocity-scores-10m-pre-seed-funding-for-stablecoin-payment-account?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105785/velocity-scores-10m-pre-seed-funding-for-stablecoin-payment-account?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 10:07:00 GMT Velocity announces a $10M pre-seed funding round and emerges from stealth to launch the Stablecoin Payment Account. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105781/bitget-lists-ripple-usd?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105781/bitget-lists-ripple-usd?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 09:48:00 GMT Bitget, the leading cryptocurrency exchange and Web3 company, has announced the listing of Ripple USD (RLUSD) on its spot trading platform. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105771/circle-details-initial-public-offering?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105771/circle-details-initial-public-offering?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 14:06:00 GMT Circle Internet Group, Inc., a global financial technology company and stablecoin market leader, today announced the launch of the initial public offering of 24,000,000 shares of its Class A common stock. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105764/openpayd-debuts-stablecoin-infrastructure?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105764/openpayd-debuts-stablecoin-infrastructure?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 12:25:00 GMT OpenPayd, a leading provider of financial infrastructure, today announced the launch of its stablecoin infrastructure, enabling businesses to move and manage digital assets and fiat through one platform. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105760/nearly-one-in-four-globally-now-own-crypto---gemini?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105760/nearly-one-in-four-globally-now-own-crypto---gemini?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 12:18:00 GMT Crypto platform Gemini released its 2025 Global State of Crypto report, which found that in 2025 global adoption of crypto grew in all geographies surveyed. https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105757/standard-chartered-and-okx-launch-collateral-mirroring-programme?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/105757/standard-chartered-and-okx-launch-collateral-mirroring-programme?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 10:49:00 GMT Standard Chartered and OKX, a leading cryptocurrency exchange and global onchain technology company, today announced the launch of a ground-breaking, world-leading collateral mirroring programme, enabling institutional clients to utilise cryptocurrencies and tokenised money market funds as off-exchange collateral for trading. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3245/why-its-so-important-to-approach-technology-development-differently?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3245/why-its-so-important-to-approach-technology-development-differently?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 13 May 2025 17:16:00 GMT While speaking with FinextraTV at the Communify Fincentric Experience 2025, Will Bailey, President of International Sales, Communify Fincentric explained the way technology is developing. From Deterministic AI to blockchain, Bailey discusses how best to leverage these technologies and the most effective approach to early adoption. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3234/combating-cyber-threats-the-role-of-ai-partnerships-and-education?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3234/combating-cyber-threats-the-role-of-ai-partnerships-and-education?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 01 Apr 2025 10:00:00 GMT Joining the FinextraTV studio, Michele Centemero, EVP, Regional Services Lead, Mastercard, outlined the stark position the world is in when it comes to the cybersecurity threat we face. As technology increases, it becomes both the problem and the solution, Centemero discusses what the landscape currently looks like and how education and partnership are key to heading in the right direction. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3230/the-impact-of-political-change-on-blockchain-integration?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3230/the-impact-of-political-change-on-blockchain-integration?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 11 Feb 2025 11:00:00 GMT Miles Paschini, CEO, FV bank joins FinextraTV in the virtual studio to discuss the integration of blockchain into traditional banking, its misconceptions and how recent political changes might impact its future. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3206/online-checkout-and-payment-security--balancing-act-and-moving-target?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3206/online-checkout-and-payment-security--balancing-act-and-moving-target?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 20 Nov 2024 11:53:00 GMT In this FinextraTV interview, Mark Barnett, President Europe, Mastercard and Alexa von Bismarck, President EMEA, Adyen, explain how the payments industry must strike a balance between providing an efficient consumer experience and a secure experience. From Chip and PIN to Tap and Pay to using a device to pay to purchasing online now – where most of the security issues sit – the pair discuss how tokenisation could be a solution for mitigating the moving target of fraud and friction. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3186/how-will-new-technologies-shape-the-future-of-payments?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3186/how-will-new-technologies-shape-the-future-of-payments?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 23 Oct 2024 09:00:00 GMT In an interview with FinextraTV in the lead-up to Sibos 2024, Pilar Fragalà, Chief Commercial Officer of CBI, explores the impact of digital technologies and regulations on payment services. Highlighting the role of AI, APIs, and blockchain in enhancing security and speed, while PSD2 and PSD3 drive open banking and consumer protection, the discussion focuses on innovations like embedded finance and instant payments that offer transparency and flexibility. Addressing growing fraud risks, the interview examines how technology can prevent fraudulent transactions by verifying IBAN and beneficiary details in real time. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3190/chainlink-unveils-new-privacy-and-interoperability-solutions-for-blockchain-adoption?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3190/chainlink-unveils-new-privacy-and-interoperability-solutions-for-blockchain-adoption?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 22 Oct 2024 08:01:00 GMT At Sibos 2024, Sergey Nazarov, Co-Founder of Chainlink, highlighted the growing adoption of blockchain technology by asset managers, driven by efficiency gains in settlement, payments, and collateral management. Nazarov announced the launch of two key privacy-focused tools: the Blockchain Privacy Manager and CCIP Private Transactions, designed to ensure secure, private transactions across multiple blockchains. He also emphasised the importance of interoperability, introducing Chainlink’s Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol (CCIP), which aims to enable seamless asset and system integration in the evolving digital assets landscape. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3160/the-potential-of-programmable-payments?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3160/the-potential-of-programmable-payments?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 10 Jul 2024 11:22:00 GMT At EBAday 2024, Gilbert Verdian, Founder and CEO, Quant, explores how programmable payments can enhance the efficiency of both personal and business financial transactions. Highlighting the important role of the Regulated Liability Network (RLN) in the UK, the discussion turns to advancing programmable payments using both existing and tokenised bank deposits. Further, how innovations in programmable payments can reduce issues associated with failed transactions. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3147/what-to-include-on-your-payments-blueprint-for-success?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3147/what-to-include-on-your-payments-blueprint-for-success?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Mon, 08 Jul 2024 12:58:00 GMT At EBAday 2024, Sulabh Agarwal, Global Payments Lead, Accenture, discusses how banks are approaching payments transformation and why the traditional model may not work with the number of initiatives coming to the fore soon. With regulatory initiatives like SEPA Inst, ISO 20022 and a long list of others that include the EPI and digital Euro, financial institutions must remain focused and consolidate new products that are yet to be launched, ensure they are competing against newcomers and justifying the investments that they make. Traditionally, change has emerged incrementally, but now long-term thinking must be prioritised, instead of opening the hood and fixing issues here and there, and technology such as Generative AI must be considered. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3139/how-mica-cryptocurrency-and-blockchain-are-key-drivers-for-the-fintech-industry?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3139/how-mica-cryptocurrency-and-blockchain-are-key-drivers-for-the-fintech-industry?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 04 Jul 2024 13:00:00 GMT Join FinextraTV at Money20/20 2024 as Vedran Jankovic, Sales Head Virtual Asset Service Providers, Deutsche Bank and Lukas Enzersdorfer, Deputy CEO & Chief Operating Officer, Bitpanda, explore key trends shaping the financial industry and the role of fintech firms in reshaping these trends. The catalyst for this conversation is Deutsche Bank and Bitpanda's recent partnership to provide a cash management solution for the German market. This moment in time is a tipping point for the industry, with the incoming MiCA regulation, a harmonised framework that will provide banks with the guardrails they have been searching for to partner with fintech firms and virtual asset providers. This will also result in more efficient usage of Ethereum, Bitcoin and Solana, which will in turn, change the reputational view of blockchain. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3104/lord-christopher-holmes-of-richmond-mbe-on-what-the-ai-regulation-bill-means-for-fintech?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3104/lord-christopher-holmes-of-richmond-mbe-on-what-the-ai-regulation-bill-means-for-fintech?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 06 Jun 2024 13:01:00 GMT At IFGS 2024, Lord Christopher Holmes provides his view on announcements such the Open Finance Task Force, which were revealed by Bim Afolami MP. Lord Holmes also dives deep into the AI Regulation Bill and how the industry can better align technology for financial inclusion and to benefit vulnerable customers. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3062/striking-the-balance-navigating-e-commerce-trends?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/3062/striking-the-balance-navigating-e-commerce-trends?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Tue, 19 Mar 2024 14:39:00 GMT Speaking at MPE 2024, Karan Johal, Global Head of Sales at Ecommpay, discusses emerging trends and challenges in the e-commerce sector, focusing on contactless payments, customer expectations, security, and the role of alternative payment methods (APMs) in enhancing the payment experience and expanding geographical reach for merchants. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/2999/enabling-connectivity-across-blockchains?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/2999/enabling-connectivity-across-blockchains?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 28 Sep 2023 10:13:00 GMT At Sibos 2023, Sergey Nazarov, Co-Founder, Chainlink, discusses how institutions are enabling connectivity and interoperability through collaboration across public and private blockchains. https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/2985/navigating-the-dlt-and-blockchain-ecosystem?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/videoarticle/2985/navigating-the-dlt-and-blockchain-ecosystem?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 21 Sep 2023 16:40:00 GMT Sabih Behzad, Head of Digital Assets & Currencies, Corporate Bank, DEUTSCHE BANK, speaks at Sibos 2023 about the evolution of DLT and Blockchain within the financial services space, the challenges of implementation, and strategies needed to achieve momentum and scale for the future. https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28564/towards-us-strategic-bitcoin-reserve-first-reactions-and-mixed-feelings?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28564/towards-us-strategic-bitcoin-reserve-first-reactions-and-mixed-feelings?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 12:30:10 GMT In march 2025 the new elected US present Trump signed an executive order establishing a Strategic Bi... https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28573/a-guide-on-crypto-token-development?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28573/a-guide-on-crypto-token-development?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Thu, 29 May 2025 08:16:42 GMT In the ever-evolving crypto landscape, launching a successful token requires more than just a whitep... https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28562/crypto-disclosure-rules-are-evolving--but-the-infrastructure-still-lags?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28562/crypto-disclosure-rules-are-evolving--but-the-infrastructure-still-lags?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Wed, 28 May 2025 11:41:30 GMT Over the past few years, few regulatory themes have sparked more debate – or more divergence – than ... https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28592/from-open-banking-to-open-finance-to-defi-the-open-evolution-of-finance?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/28592/from-open-banking-to-open-finance-to-defi-the-open-evolution-of-finance?utm_medium=rssfinextra&utm_source=finextrafeed Mon, 02 Jun 2025 10:39:57 GMT Open Banking has moved from regulatory idea to industry reality, driving transformation by enabling ... https://www.finextra.com/banners/banner.aspx?opt=ad&baid=7728 https://www.finextra.com/banners/banner.aspx?opt=ad&baid=7728 Tue, 29 Apr 2025 00:00:00 GMT [On-Demand Webinar] Conducting the payments orchestra: Why IT will drive future transaction banking models